Merge pull request 'Fix zig 0.15.0-dev.1149+4e6a04929 build errors' (#283) from zawupf/ziglings-exercises:zig-0.15 into main

Reviewed-on: https://codeberg.org/ziglings/exercises/pulls/283

.gitea/issue_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Ziglings is a progressive learning series — each exercise builds on previous ones.
+Before opening an issue, please ensure you've followed the path and read the instructions carefully.
+
+Respectful and constructive feedback is always welcome.
+

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-/zig-cache/
+/.zig-cache/
 /zig-out/
 /answers/
 /patches/healed/
 /output/
+.progress.txt
+
+# Leave this in here for older zig versions
+/zig-cache/

.woodpecker/eowyn.yaml

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 steps:
   - name: eowyn
-    image: ziglings/ziglang
+    image: ziglings/ziglang:latest
+    pull: true
     commands:
       - sh ./patches/eowyn.sh
     when:
-      event: [push, cron]
+      event: [pull_request, push, cron]
       cron: daily*

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ fit for one reason or another.
 
 ## Platforms and Zig Versions
 
+
 Because it uses the Zig build system, Ziglings should work
 wherever Zig does.
 
@@ -75,6 +76,15 @@ interface.  Specifically:
   eternal Ziglings contributor glory is yours!
 
 
+## Licence
+
+If you submit your contribution to the repository/project,
+you agree that your contribution will be licensed under
+the license of this repository/this project.
+Please note, it does not change your rights to use your own
+contribution for any other purpose.
+
+
 ## The Secrets
 
 If you want to peek at the secrets, take a look at the `patches/`

LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 MIT License
 
-Copyright (c) 2021 Dave Gauer
+Copyright (c) 2021 Dave Gauer, Chris Boesch
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

README.md

@@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ Those broken programs need your help! (You'll also save the
 planet from evil aliens and help some friendly elephants stick
 together, which is very sweet of you.)
 
-This project was directly inspired by the brilliant and fun
+This project was initiated by [Dave Gauer](https://ratfactor.com/) and is directly inspired
-[rustlings](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings)
+by the brilliant and fun [rustlings](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings) project.
-project for the [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) language.
+Indirect inspiration comes from [Ruby Koans](http://rubykoans.com/) and the Little LISPer/Little
-Indirect inspiration comes from [Ruby Koans](http://rubykoans.com/)
+Schemer series of books.
-and the Little LISPer/Little Schemer series of books.
 
 ## Intended Audience
 
@@ -46,20 +45,20 @@ Verify the installation and build number of `zig` like so:
 
 ```
 $ zig version
-0.12.0-dev.xxxx+xxxxxxxxx
+0.15.0-dev.xxxx+xxxxxxxxx
 ```
 
 Clone this repository with Git:
 
 ```
-$ git clone https://ziglings.org
+git clone https://codeberg.org/ziglings/exercises.git ziglings
-$ cd ziglings.org
+cd ziglings
 ```
 
 Then run `zig build` and follow the instructions to begin!
 
 ```
-$ zig build
+zig build
 ```
 
 Note: The output of Ziglings is the unaltered output from the Zig
@@ -74,8 +73,8 @@ the appropriate tag.
 The Zig language is under very active development. In order to be
 current, Ziglings tracks **development** builds of the Zig
 compiler rather than versioned **release** builds. The last
-stable release was `0.11.0`, but Ziglings needs a dev build with
+stable release was `0.14.1`, but Ziglings needs a dev build with
-pre-release version "0.12.0" and a build number at least as high
+pre-release version "0.15.0" and a build number at least as high
 as that shown in the example version check above.
 
 It is likely that you'll download a build which is _greater_ than
@@ -88,7 +87,14 @@ that if you update one, you may need to also update the other.
 
 ### Version Changes
 
-Version-0.12.0-dev.3518
+Version-0.15.0-dev.1092
+* *2025-07-22* zig 0.15.0-dev.1092 - various changes due to new I/O API, see [#24488](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/24488)
+* *2024-09-16* zig 0.14.0-dev.1573 - introduction of labeled switch, see [#21257](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/21257)
+* *2024-09-02* zig 0.14.0-dev.1409 - several changes in std.builtin, see [#21225](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/21225)
+* *2024-08-04* zig 0.14.0-dev.1224 - several changes in build system, see [#21115](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/21115)
+* *2024-08-04* zig 0.14.0-dev.839 - several changes in build system, see [#20580](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/20580), [#20600](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/20600)
+* *2024-06-17* zig 0.14.0-dev.42 - changes in `std.mem.split and tokenize` - see [#15579](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/15579)
+* *2024-05-29* zig 0.13.0-dev.339 - rework std.Progress - see [#20059](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/20059)
 * *2024-03-21* zig 0.12.0-dev.3518 - change to @fieldParentPtr - see [#19470](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/19470)
 * *2024-03-21* zig 0.12.0-dev.3397 - rename std.os to std.posix - see [#5019](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/5019)
 * *2024-03-14* zig 0.12.0-dev.3302 - changes in `std.fmt` - floating-point formatting implementation - see [#19229](https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/19229)
@@ -125,6 +131,18 @@ It can be handy to check just a single exercise:
 zig build -Dn=19
 ```
 
+Or run all exercises, starting from a specific one:
+
+```
+zig build -Ds=27
+```
+
+Or let Ziglings pick an exercise for you:
+
+```
+zig build -Drandom
+```
+
 You can also run without checking for correctness:
 
 ```
@@ -156,6 +174,11 @@ zig build -Dn=19 -l
   ...
 ```
 
+To reset the progress (have it run all the exercises that have already been completed):
+```
+zig build -Dreset
+```
+
 ## What's Covered
 
 The primary goal for Ziglings is to cover the core Zig language.
@@ -211,7 +234,10 @@ Zig Core Language
 * [X] Interfaces
 * [X] Bit manipulation
 * [X] Working with C
+* [ ] Opaque types (anyopaque)
 * [X] Threading
+* [x] Labeled switch
+* [x] Vector operations (SIMD)
 
 Zig Standard Library
 

build.zig

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ const print = std.debug.print;
 //     1) Getting Started
 //     2) Version Changes
 comptime {
-    const required_zig = "0.12.0-dev.3518";
+    const required_zig = "0.15.0-dev.1092";
     const current_zig = builtin.zig_version;
     const min_zig = std.SemanticVersion.parse(required_zig) catch unreachable;
     if (current_zig.order(min_zig) == .lt) {
@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ const Mode = enum {
     normal,
     /// Named build mode: `zig build -Dn=n`
     named,
+    /// Random build mode: `zig build -Drandom`
+    random,
 };
 
 pub const logo =
@@ -118,23 +120,24 @@ pub const logo =
     \\
 ;
 
+const progress_filename = ".progress.txt";
+
 pub fn build(b: *Build) !void {
     if (!validate_exercises()) std.process.exit(2);
 
     use_color_escapes = false;
-    if (std.io.getStdErr().supportsAnsiEscapeCodes()) {
+    if (std.fs.File.stderr().supportsAnsiEscapeCodes()) {
         use_color_escapes = true;
     } else if (builtin.os.tag == .windows) {
         const w32 = struct {
-            const WINAPI = std.os.windows.WINAPI;
             const DWORD = std.os.windows.DWORD;
             const ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING = 0x0004;
             const STD_ERROR_HANDLE: DWORD = @bitCast(@as(i32, -12));
-            extern "kernel32" fn GetStdHandle(id: DWORD) callconv(WINAPI) ?*anyopaque;
+            const GetStdHandle = std.os.windows.kernel32.GetStdHandle;
-            extern "kernel32" fn GetConsoleMode(console: ?*anyopaque, out_mode: *DWORD) callconv(WINAPI) u32;
+            const GetConsoleMode = std.os.windows.kernel32.GetConsoleMode;
-            extern "kernel32" fn SetConsoleMode(console: ?*anyopaque, mode: DWORD) callconv(WINAPI) u32;
+            const SetConsoleMode = std.os.windows.kernel32.SetConsoleMode;
         };
-        const handle = w32.GetStdHandle(w32.STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
+        const handle = w32.GetStdHandle(w32.STD_ERROR_HANDLE).?;
         var mode: w32.DWORD = 0;
         if (w32.GetConsoleMode(handle, &mode) != 0) {
             mode |= w32.ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING;
@@ -158,6 +161,9 @@ pub fn build(b: *Build) !void {
         false;
     const override_healed_path = b.option([]const u8, "healed-path", "Override healed path");
     const exno: ?usize = b.option(usize, "n", "Select exercise");
+    const rand: ?bool = b.option(bool, "random", "Select random exercise");
+    const start: ?usize = b.option(usize, "s", "Start at exercise");
+    const reset: ?bool = b.option(bool, "reset", "Reset exercise progress");
 
     const sep = std.fs.path.sep_str;
     const healed_path = if (override_healed_path) |path|
@@ -191,18 +197,109 @@ pub fn build(b: *Build) !void {
         return;
     }
 
+    if (rand) |_| {
+        // Random build mode: verifies one random exercise.
+        // like for 'exno' but chooses a random exercise number.
+        print("work in progress: check a random exercise\n", .{});
+
+        var prng = std.Random.DefaultPrng.init(blk: {
+            var seed: u64 = undefined;
+            try std.posix.getrandom(std.mem.asBytes(&seed));
+            break :blk seed;
+        });
+        const rnd = prng.random();
+        const ex = exercises[rnd.intRangeLessThan(usize, 0, exercises.len)];
+
+        print("random exercise: {s}\n", .{ex.main_file});
+
+        const zigling_step = b.step(
+            "random",
+            b.fmt("Check the solution of {s}", .{ex.main_file}),
+        );
+        b.default_step = zigling_step;
+        zigling_step.dependOn(&header_step.step);
+        const verify_step = ZiglingStep.create(b, ex, work_path, .random);
+        verify_step.step.dependOn(&header_step.step);
+        zigling_step.dependOn(&verify_step.step);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (start) |s| {
+        if (s == 0 or s > exercises.len - 1) {
+            print("unknown exercise number: {}\n", .{s});
+            std.process.exit(2);
+        }
+        const first = exercises[s - 1];
+        const ziglings_step = b.step("ziglings", b.fmt("Check ziglings starting with {s}", .{first.main_file}));
+        b.default_step = ziglings_step;
+
+        var prev_step = &header_step.step;
+        for (exercises[(s - 1)..]) |ex| {
+            const verify_stepn = ZiglingStep.create(b, ex, work_path, .normal);
+            verify_stepn.step.dependOn(prev_step);
+
+            prev_step = &verify_stepn.step;
+        }
+        ziglings_step.dependOn(prev_step);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (reset) |_| {
+        std.fs.cwd().deleteFile(progress_filename) catch |err| {
+            switch (err) {
+                std.fs.Dir.DeleteFileError.FileNotFound => {},
+                else => {
+                    print("Unable to remove progress file, Error: {}\n", .{err});
+                    return err;
+                },
+            }
+        };
+
+        print("Progress reset, {s} removed.\n", .{progress_filename});
+        std.process.exit(0);
+    }
+
     // Normal build mode: verifies all exercises according to the recommended
     // order.
     const ziglings_step = b.step("ziglings", "Check all ziglings");
     b.default_step = ziglings_step;
 
     var prev_step = &header_step.step;
+
+    var starting_exercise: u32 = 0;
+
+    if (std.fs.cwd().openFile(progress_filename, .{})) |progress_file| {
+        defer progress_file.close();
+
+        const progress_file_size = try progress_file.getEndPos();
+
+        var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
+        defer _ = gpa.deinit();
+        const allocator = gpa.allocator();
+        const contents = try progress_file.readToEndAlloc(allocator, progress_file_size);
+        defer allocator.free(contents);
+
+        starting_exercise = try std.fmt.parseInt(u32, contents, 10);
+    } else |err| {
+        switch (err) {
+            std.fs.File.OpenError.FileNotFound => {
+                // This is fine, may be the first time tests are run or progress have been reset
+            },
+            else => {
+                print("Unable to open {s}: {}\n", .{ progress_filename, err });
+                return err;
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
     for (exercises) |ex| {
+        if (starting_exercise < ex.number()) {
             const verify_stepn = ZiglingStep.create(b, ex, work_path, .normal);
             verify_stepn.step.dependOn(prev_step);
 
             prev_step = &verify_stepn.step;
         }
+    }
     ziglings_step.dependOn(prev_step);
 
     const test_step = b.step("test", "Run all the tests");
@@ -244,7 +341,7 @@ const ZiglingStep = struct {
         return self;
     }
 
-    fn make(step: *Step, prog_node: *std.Progress.Node) !void {
+    fn make(step: *Step, options: Step.MakeOptions) !void {
         // NOTE: Using exit code 2 will prevent the Zig compiler to print the message:
         // "error: the following build command failed with exit code 1:..."
         const self: *ZiglingStep = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("step", step));
@@ -255,7 +352,7 @@ const ZiglingStep = struct {
             return;
         }
 
-        const exe_path = self.compile(prog_node) catch {
+        const exe_path = self.compile(options.progress_node) catch {
             self.printErrors();
 
             if (self.exercise.hint) |hint|
@@ -265,7 +362,7 @@ const ZiglingStep = struct {
             std.process.exit(2);
         };
 
-        self.run(exe_path.?, prog_node) catch {
+        self.run(exe_path, options.progress_node) catch {
             self.printErrors();
 
             if (self.exercise.hint) |hint|
@@ -279,7 +376,7 @@ const ZiglingStep = struct {
         self.printErrors();
     }
 
-    fn run(self: *ZiglingStep, exe_path: []const u8, _: *std.Progress.Node) !void {
+    fn run(self: *ZiglingStep, exe_path: []const u8, _: std.Progress.Node) !void {
         resetLine();
         print("Checking: {s}\n", .{self.exercise.main_file});
 
@@ -352,6 +449,18 @@ const ZiglingStep = struct {
             , .{ red, reset, exercise_output, red, reset, output, red, reset });
         }
 
+        const progress = try std.fmt.allocPrint(b.allocator, "{d}", .{self.exercise.number()});
+        defer b.allocator.free(progress);
+
+        const file = try std.fs.cwd().createFile(
+            progress_filename,
+            .{ .read = true, .truncate = true },
+        );
+        defer file.close();
+
+        try file.writeAll(progress);
+        try file.sync();
+
         print("{s}PASSED:\n{s}{s}\n\n", .{ green_text, output, reset_text });
     }
 
@@ -375,7 +484,7 @@ const ZiglingStep = struct {
         print("{s}PASSED{s}\n\n", .{ green_text, reset_text });
     }
 
-    fn compile(self: *ZiglingStep, prog_node: *std.Progress.Node) !?[]const u8 {
+    fn compile(self: *ZiglingStep, prog_node: std.Progress.Node) ![]const u8 {
         print("Compiling: {s}\n", .{self.exercise.main_file});
 
         const b = self.step.owner;
@@ -406,7 +515,21 @@ const ZiglingStep = struct {
 
         zig_args.append("--listen=-") catch @panic("OOM");
 
-        return try self.step.evalZigProcess(zig_args.items, prog_node);
+        //
+        // NOTE: After many changes in zig build system, we need to create the cache path manually.
+        // See https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/21115
+        // Maybe there is a better way (in the future).
+        const exe_dir = try self.step.evalZigProcess(zig_args.items, prog_node, false);
+        const exe_name = switch (self.exercise.kind) {
+            .exe => self.exercise.name(),
+            .@"test" => "test",
+        };
+        const sep = std.fs.path.sep_str;
+        const root_path = exe_dir.?.root_dir.path.?;
+        const sub_path = exe_dir.?.subPathOrDot();
+        const exe_path = b.fmt("{s}{s}{s}{s}{s}", .{ root_path, sep, sub_path, sep, exe_name });
+
+        return exe_path;
     }
 
     fn help(self: *ZiglingStep) void {
@@ -417,6 +540,7 @@ const ZiglingStep = struct {
         const cmd = switch (self.mode) {
             .normal => "zig build",
             .named => b.fmt("zig build -Dn={s}", .{key}),
+            .random => "zig build -Drandom",
         };
 
         print("\n{s}Edit exercises/{s} and run '{s}' again.{s}\n", .{
@@ -459,7 +583,7 @@ fn resetLine() void {
 pub fn trimLines(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, buf: []const u8) ![]const u8 {
     var list = try std.ArrayList(u8).initCapacity(allocator, buf.len);
 
-    var iter = std.mem.split(u8, buf, " \n");
+    var iter = std.mem.splitSequence(u8, buf, " \n");
     while (iter.next()) |line| {
         // TODO: trimming CR characters is probably not necessary.
         const data = std.mem.trimRight(u8, line, " \r");
@@ -494,7 +618,7 @@ const PrintStep = struct {
         return self;
     }
 
-    fn make(step: *Step, _: *std.Progress.Node) !void {
+    fn make(step: *Step, _: Step.MakeOptions) !void {
         const self: *PrintStep = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("step", step));
         print("{s}", .{self.message});
     }
@@ -521,7 +645,7 @@ fn validate_exercises() bool {
             return false;
         }
 
-        var iter = std.mem.split(u8, ex.output, "\n");
+        var iter = std.mem.splitScalar(u8, ex.output, '\n');
         while (iter.next()) |line| {
             const output = std.mem.trimRight(u8, line, " \r");
             if (output.len != line.len) {
@@ -838,7 +962,7 @@ const exercises = [_]Exercise{
     },
     .{
         .main_file = "060_floats.zig",
-        .output = "Shuttle liftoff weight: 2032092kg",
+        .output = "Shuttle liftoff weight: 2032 metric tons",
     },
     .{
         .main_file = "061_coercions.zig",
@@ -904,6 +1028,7 @@ const exercises = [_]Exercise{
     .{
         .main_file = "074_comptime9.zig",
         .output = "My llama value is 2.",
+        .skip = true,
     },
     .{
         .main_file = "075_quiz8.zig",
@@ -938,7 +1063,7 @@ const exercises = [_]Exercise{
     .{
         .main_file = "082_anonymous_structs3.zig",
         .output =
-        \\"0"(bool):true "1"(bool):false "2"(i32):42 "3"(f32):3.141592e0
+        \\"0"(bool):true "1"(bool):false "2"(i32):42 "3"(f32):3.141592
         ,
         .hint = "This one is a challenge! But you have everything you need.",
     },
@@ -1020,7 +1145,7 @@ const exercises = [_]Exercise{
     },
     .{
         .main_file = "097_bit_manipulation.zig",
-        .output = "x = 0; y = 1",
+        .output = "x = 1011; y = 1101",
     },
     .{
         .main_file = "098_bit_manipulation2.zig",
@@ -1128,9 +1253,51 @@ const exercises = [_]Exercise{
         .main_file = "107_files2.zig",
         .output =
         \\AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-        \\Successfully Read 18 byte: It's zigling time!
+        \\Successfully Read 18 bytes: It's zigling time!
         ,
     },
+    .{
+        .main_file = "108_labeled_switch.zig",
+        .output = "The pull request has been merged.",
+    },
+    .{
+        .main_file = "109_vectors.zig",
+        .output =
+        \\Max difference (old fn): 0.014
+        \\Max difference (new fn): 0.014
+        ,
+    },
+    .{ .main_file = "110_quiz9.zig", .output = 
+    \\Toggle pins with XOR on PORTB
+    \\-----------------------------
+    \\  1100 // (initial state of PORTB)
+    \\^ 0101 // (bitmask)
+    \\= 1001
+    \\
+    \\  1100 // (initial state of PORTB)
+    \\^ 0011 // (bitmask)
+    \\= 1111
+    \\
+    \\Set pins with OR on PORTB
+    \\-------------------------
+    \\  1001 // (initial state of PORTB)
+    \\| 0100 // (bitmask)
+    \\= 1101
+    \\
+    \\  1001 // (reset state)
+    \\| 0100 // (bitmask)
+    \\= 1101
+    \\
+    \\Clear pins with AND and NOT on PORTB
+    \\------------------------------------
+    \\  1110 // (initial state of PORTB)
+    \\& 1011 // (bitmask)
+    \\= 1010
+    \\
+    \\  0111 // (reset state)
+    \\& 1110 // (bitmask)
+    \\= 0110
+    },
     .{
         .main_file = "999_the_end.zig",
         .output =

exercises/026_hello2.zig

@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ const std = @import("std");
 //
 pub fn main() !void {
     // We get a Writer for Standard Out so we can print() to it.
-    const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
+    var stdout = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&.{});
 
     // Unlike std.debug.print(), the Standard Out writer can fail
     // with an error. We don't care _what_ the error is, we want
     // to be able to pass it up as a return value of main().
     //
     // We just learned of a single statement which can accomplish this.
-    stdout.print("Hello world!\n", .{});
+    stdout.interface.print("Hello world!\n", .{});
 }

exercises/034_quiz4.zig

@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const NumError = error{IllegalNumber};
 
 pub fn main() void {
-    const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
+    var stdout = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&.{});
 
     const my_num: u32 = getNumber();
 
-    try stdout.print("my_num={}\n", .{my_num});
+    try stdout.interface.print("my_num={}\n", .{my_num});
 }
 
 // This function is obviously weird and non-functional. But you will not be changing it for this quiz.

exercises/046_optionals2.zig

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 // linked to the first elephant. This is because we had NO CONCEPT
 // of a tail that didn't point to another elephant!
 //
-// We also introduce the handy ".?" shortcut:
+// We also introduce the handy `.?` shortcut:
 //
 //     const foo = bar.?;
 //
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
 //
 //     const foo = bar orelse unreachable;
 //
-// See if you can find where we use this shortcut below.
+// Check out where we use this shortcut below to change control flow
+// based on if an optional value exists.
 //
 // Now let's make those elephant tails optional!
 //
@@ -31,14 +32,25 @@ pub fn main() void {
     var elephantC = Elephant{ .letter = 'C' };
 
     // Link the elephants so that each tail "points" to the next.
-    elephantA.tail = &elephantB;
+    linkElephants(&elephantA, &elephantB);
-    elephantB.tail = &elephantC;
+    linkElephants(&elephantB, &elephantC);
+
+    // `linkElephants` will stop the program if you try and link an
+    // elephant that doesn't exist! Uncomment and see what happens.
+    // const missingElephant: ?*Elephant = null;
+    // linkElephants(&elephantC, missingElephant);
 
     visitElephants(&elephantA);
 
     std.debug.print("\n", .{});
 }
 
+// If e1 and e2 are valid pointers to elephants,
+// this function links the elephants so that e1's tail "points" to e2.
+fn linkElephants(e1: ?*Elephant, e2: ?*Elephant) void {
+    e1.?.tail = e2.?;
+}
+
 // This function visits all elephants once, starting with the
 // first elephant and following the tails to the next elephant.
 fn visitElephants(first_elephant: *Elephant) void {
@@ -51,8 +63,9 @@ fn visitElephants(first_elephant: *Elephant) void {
         // We should stop once we encounter a tail that
         // does NOT point to another element. What can
         // we put here to make that happen?
-        if (e.tail == null) ???;
 
-        e = e.tail.?;
+        // HINT: We want something similar to what `.?` does,
+        // but instead of ending the program, we want to exit the loop...
+        e = e.tail ???
     }
 }

exercises/047_methods.zig

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 // Okay, you're armed.
 //
 // Now, please zap the alien structs until they're all gone or
-// Earth will be doomed!
+// the Earth will be doomed!
 //
 const std = @import("std");
 

exercises/050_no_value.zig

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 //
 //       "void" is a _type_, not a value. It is the most popular of the
 //       Zero Bit Types (those types which take up absolutely no space
-//       and have only a semantic value. When compiled to executable
+//       and have only a semantic value). When compiled to executable
 //       code, zero bit types generate no code at all. The above example
 //       shows a variable foo of type void which is assigned the value
 //       of an empty expression. It's much more common to see void as

exercises/058_quiz7.zig

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ const TripItem = union(enum) {
     fn printMe(self: TripItem) void {
         switch (self) {
             // Oops! The hermit forgot how to capture the union values
-            // in a switch statement. Please capture both values as
+            // in a switch statement. Please capture each value as
             // 'p' so the print statements work!
             .place => print("{s}", .{p.name}),
             .path => print("--{}->", .{p.dist}),

exercises/060_floats.zig

@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ pub fn main() void {
     // The approximate weight of the Space Shuttle upon liftoff
     // (including boosters and fuel tank) was 4,480,000 lb.
     //
-    // We'll convert this weight from pound to kilograms at a
+    // We'll convert this weight from pounds to metric units at a
     // conversion of 0.453592 kg to the pound.
-    const shuttle_weight: f16 = 0.453592 * 4480e6;
+    const shuttle_weight: f16 = 0.453592 * 4480e3;
 
     // By default, float values are formatted in scientific
     // notation. Try experimenting with '{d}' and '{d:.3}' to see
     // how decimal formatting works.
-    print("Shuttle liftoff weight: {d:.0}kg\n", .{shuttle_weight});
+    print("Shuttle liftoff weight: {d:.0} metric tons\n", .{shuttle_weight});
 }
 
 // Floating further:

exercises/065_builtins2.zig

@@ -94,31 +94,35 @@ pub fn main() void {
     print("He has room in his heart for:", .{});
 
     // A StructFields array
-    const fields = @typeInfo(Narcissus).Struct.fields;
+    const fields = @typeInfo(Narcissus).@"struct".fields;
 
     // 'fields' is a slice of StructFields. Here's the declaration:
     //
     //     pub const StructField = struct {
-    //         name: []const u8,
+    //         name: [:0]const u8,
     //         type: type,
-    //         default_value: anytype,
+    //         default_value_ptr: ?*const anyopaque,
     //         is_comptime: bool,
     //         alignment: comptime_int,
+    //
+    //         defaultValue() ?sf.type  // Function that loads the
+    //                                  // field's default value from
+    //                                  // `default_value_ptr`
     //     };
     //
     // Please complete these 'if' statements so that the field
     // name will not be printed if the field is of type 'void'
     // (which is a zero-bit type that takes up no space at all!):
     if (fields[0].??? != void) {
-        print(" {s}", .{@typeInfo(Narcissus).Struct.fields[0].name});
+        print(" {s}", .{fields[0].name});
     }
 
     if (fields[1].??? != void) {
-        print(" {s}", .{@typeInfo(Narcissus).Struct.fields[1].name});
+        print(" {s}", .{fields[1].name});
     }
 
     if (fields[2].??? != void) {
-        print(" {s}", .{@typeInfo(Narcissus).Struct.fields[2].name});
+        print(" {s}", .{fields[2].name});
     }
 
     // Yuck, look at all that repeated code above! I don't know
@@ -136,14 +140,16 @@ pub fn main() void {
 // But a change after Zig 0.10.0 added the source file name to the
 // type. "Narcissus" became "065_builtins2.Narcissus".
 //
-// To fix this, I've added this function to strip the filename from
+// To fix this, we've added this function to strip the filename from
-// the front of the type name in the dumbest way possible. (It returns
+// the front of the type name. (It returns a slice of the type name
-// a slice of the type name starting at character 14 (assuming
+// starting at the index + 1 of character ".")
-// single-byte characters).
 //
 // We'll be seeing @typeName again in Exercise 070. For now, you can
 // see that it takes a Type and returns a u8 "string".
 fn maximumNarcissism(myType: anytype) []const u8 {
-    // Turn '065_builtins2.Narcissus' into 'Narcissus'
+    const indexOf = @import("std").mem.indexOf;
-    return @typeName(myType)[14..];
+
+    // Turn "065_builtins2.Narcissus" into "Narcissus"
+    const name = @typeName(myType);
+    return name[indexOf(u8, name, ".").? + 1 ..];
 }

exercises/071_comptime6.zig

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 // doing this work.
 //
 // An 'inline for' is performed at compile time, allowing you to
-// programatically loop through a series of items in situations
+// programmatically loop through a series of items in situations
 // like those mentioned above where a regular runtime 'for' loop
 // wouldn't be allowed:
 //
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
     // Please use an 'inline for' to implement the block below
     // for each field in the slice 'fields'!
 
-    const fields = @typeInfo(Narcissus).Struct.fields;
+    const fields = @typeInfo(Narcissus).@"struct".fields;
 
     ??? {
         if (field.type != void) {

exercises/076_sentinels.zig

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn printSequence(my_seq: anytype) void {
     // a switch to handle printing the Array or Pointer fields,
     // depending on which type of my_seq was passed in:
     switch (my_typeinfo) {
-        .Array => {
+        .array => {
             print("Array:", .{});
 
             // Loop through the items in my_seq.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ fn printSequence(my_seq: anytype) void {
                 print("{}", .{s});
             }
         },
-        .Pointer => {
+        .pointer => {
             // Check this out - it's pretty cool:
             const my_sentinel = sentinel(@TypeOf(my_seq));
             print("Many-item pointer:", .{});

exercises/080_anonymous_structs.zig

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@
 //     const MyBar = Bar();  // store the struct type
 //     const bar = Bar() {}; // create instance of the struct
 //
-// * The value of @typeName(Bar()) is "Bar()".
+// * The value of @typeName(Bar()) is "<filename>.Bar()".
-// * The value of @typeName(MyBar) is "Bar()".
+// * The value of @typeName(MyBar) is "<filename>.Bar()".
-// * The value of @typeName(@TypeOf(bar)) is "Bar()".
+// * The value of @typeName(@TypeOf(bar)) is "<filename>.Bar()".
 //
 // You can also have completely anonymous structs. The value
-// of @typeName(struct {}) is "struct:<position in source>".
+// of @typeName(struct {}) is "<filename>.<function>__struct_<nnn>".
 //
 const print = @import("std").debug.print;
 

exercises/082_anonymous_structs3.zig

@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ fn printTuple(tuple: anytype) void {
     //                   with fields specific to that type.
     //
     //     The list of a struct type's fields can be found in
-    //     TypeInfo's Struct.fields.
+    //     TypeInfo's @"struct".fields.
     //
     //     Example:
     //
-    //         @typeInfo(Circle).Struct.fields
+    //         @typeInfo(Circle).@"struct".fields
     //
     // This will be an array of StructFields.
     const fields = ???;
@@ -95,13 +95,15 @@ fn printTuple(tuple: anytype) void {
         //     Each 'field' in this loop is one of these:
         //
         //         pub const StructField = struct {
-        //             name: []const u8,
+        //             name: [:0]const u8,
         //             type: type,
-        //             default_value: anytype,
+        //             default_value_ptr: ?*const anyopaque,
         //             is_comptime: bool,
         //             alignment: comptime_int,
         //         };
         //
+        //     Note we will learn about 'anyopaque' type later
+        //
         //     You'll need this builtin:
         //
         //         @field(lhs: anytype, comptime field_name: []const u8)

exercises/094_c_math.zig

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // How could we do that? A good method is to use the modulo function.
 // But if we write "765.2 % 360", it only works with float values
 // that are known at compile time.
-// In Zig, we would use %mod(a, b) instead.
+// In Zig, we would use @mod(a, b) instead.
 //
 // Let us now assume that we cannot do this in Zig, but only with
 // a C function from the standard library. In the library "math",

exercises/095_for3.zig

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 //     0..10 is a range from 0 to 9
 //     1..4  is a range from 1 to 3
 //
-// At the moment, ranges are only supported in 'for' loops.
+// At the moment, ranges in loops are only supported in 'for' loops.
 //
 // Perhaps you recall Exercise 13? We were printing a numeric
 // sequence like so:

exercises/096_memory_allocation.zig

@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
 //         std.debug.print("slice_ptr={*}\n", .{slice_ptr});
 //     }
 
-// Instead of a simple integer or a constant sized slice, this
+// Instead of a simple integer or a slice with a constant size,
-// program requires a slice to be allocated that is the same size as
+// this program requires allocating a slice that is the same size
-// an input array.
+// as an input array.
 
 // Given a series of numbers, take the running average. In other
 // words, each item N should contain the average of the last N

exercises/097_bit_manipulation.zig

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Bit manipulations is a very powerful tool just also from Zig.
+// Bit manipulation is a very powerful tool, also from Zig.
 // Since the dawn of the computer age, numerous algorithms have been
 // developed that solve tasks solely by moving, setting, or logically
 // combining bits.
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 // functions where possible. And it is often possible with calculations
 // based on integers.
 //
-// Often it is not easy to understand at first glance what exactly these
+// At first glance, it is often not easy to understand what exactly these
 // algorithms do when only "numbers" in memory areas change outwardly.
-// But it must never be forgotten that the numbers only represent the
+// However, it should never be forgotten that the numbers only represent
-// interpretation of the bit sequences.
+// the interpretation of the bit sequences.
 //
 // Quasi the reversed case we have otherwise, namely that we represent
 // numbers in bit sequences.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 // Zig provides all the necessary functions to change the bits inside
 // a variable. It is distinguished whether the bit change leads to an
 // overflow or not. The details are in the Zig documentation in section
-// 10.1 "Table of Operators".
+// "Table of Operators".
 //
 // Here are some examples of how the bits of variables can be changed:
 //
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ const print = std.debug.print;
 
 pub fn main() !void {
 
-    // As in the example above, we use 1 and 0 as values for x and y
+    // Let us use 1101 and 1011 as values for x and y
-    var x: u8 = 1;
+    var x: u8 = 0b1101;
-    var y: u8 = 0;
+    var y: u8 = 0b1011;
 
     // Now we swap the values of the two variables by doing xor on them
     x ^= y;
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     // What must be written here?
     ???;
 
-    print("x = {d}; y = {d}\n", .{ x, y });
+    print("x = {b}; y = {b}\n", .{ x, y });
 }
 
 // This variable swap takes advantage of the fact that the value resulting

exercises/098_bit_manipulation2.zig

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //
-// Another useful practice for bit manipulation is setting bits as flags.
+// Another useful application for bit manipulation is setting bits as flags.
 // This is especially useful when processing lists of something and storing
 // the states of the entries, e.g. a list of numbers and for each prime
 // number a flag is set.
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@
 // For example, you could take an array of bool and set the value to 'true'
 // for each letter in the order of the alphabet (a=0; b=1; etc.) found in
 // the sentence. However, this is neither memory efficient nor particularly
-// fast. Instead we take a simpler way, very similar in principle, we define
+// fast. Instead we choose a simpler approach that is very similar in principle:
-// a variable with at least 26 bits (e.g. u32) and also set the bit for each
+// We define a variable with at least 26 bits (e.g. u32) and set the bit for
-// letter found at the corresponding position.
+// each letter that is found in the corresponding position.
 //
 // Zig provides functions for this in the standard library, but we prefer to
 // solve it without these extras, after all we want to learn something.
@@ -32,20 +32,20 @@ const print = std.debug.print;
 
 pub fn main() !void {
     // let's check the pangram
-    print("Is this a pangram? {?}!\n", .{isPangram("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.")});
+    print("Is this a pangram? {}!\n", .{isPangram("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.")});
 }
 
 fn isPangram(str: []const u8) bool {
     // first we check if the string has at least 26 characters
     if (str.len < 26) return false;
 
-    // we uses a 32 bit variable of which we need 26 bits
+    // we use a 32 bit variable of which we need 26 bits
     var bits: u32 = 0;
 
     // loop about all characters in the string
     for (str) |c| {
         // if the character is an alphabetical character
-        if (ascii.isASCII(c) and ascii.isAlphabetic(c)) {
+        if (ascii.isAscii(c) and ascii.isAlphabetic(c)) {
             // then we set the bit at the position
             //
             // to do this, we use a little trick:

exercises/099_formatting.zig

@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@
 // Therefore, the comments for the format() function are the only
 // way to definitively learn how to format strings in Zig:
 //
-//     https://github.com/ziglang/zig/blob/master/lib/std/fmt.zig#L29
+//     https://github.com/ziglang/zig/blob/master/lib/std/fmt.zig#L33
 //
 // Zig already has a very nice selection of formatting options.
-// These can be used in different ways, but typically to convert
+// These can be used in different ways, but generally to convert
-// numerical values into various text representations. The
+// numerical values into various text representations. The results
-// results can be used for direct output to a terminal or stored
+// can be used for direct output to a terminal or stored for
-// for later use or written to a file. The latter is useful when
+// later use or written to a file. The latter is useful when
 // large amounts of data are to be processed by other programs.
 //
 // In Ziglings, we are concerned with the output to the console.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 // output. Escape sequences can also be written one after the
 // other, e.g. "\n\n" will cause two line feeds.
 //
-// By the way, the result of these escape sequences are passed
+// By the way, the result of these escape sequences is passed
 // directly to the terminal program. Other than translating them
 // into control codes, escape sequences have nothing to do with
 // Zig. Zig knows nothing about "line feeds" or "tabs" or
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 // variety of formatting instructions. It's basically a tiny
 // language of its own. Here's a numeric example:
 //
-//     print("Catch-{x:0>4}.", .{twenty_two});
+//     print("Catch-0x{x:0>4}.", .{twenty_two});
 //
 // This formatting instruction outputs a hexadecimal number with
 // leading zeros:
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 //      ...
 //
 // Without string formatting, this would be a more challenging
-// assignment because the number of digits in the numbers vary
+// assignment because the number of digits in the numbers varies
 // from 1 to 3. But formatting can help us with that.
 //
 const std = @import("std");

exercises/100_for4.zig

@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ pub fn main() void {
 
     for (hex_nums, ???) |hn, ???| {
         if (hn != dn) {
-            std.debug.print("Uh oh! Found a mismatch: {d} vs {d}\n", .{ hn, dn });
+            print("Uh oh! Found a mismatch: {d} vs {d}\n", .{ hn, dn });
             return;
         }
     }
 
-    std.debug.print("Arrays match!\n", .{});
+    print("Arrays match!\n", .{});
 }
 //
 // You are perhaps wondering what happens if one of the two lists

exercises/104_threading.zig

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 // one possibility, namely asynchronous processes, in Exercises 84-91.
 //
 // However, the computing power of the processor is only distributed to
-// the started tasks, which always reaches its limits when pure computing
+// the started and running tasks, which always reaches its limits when
-// power is called up.
+// pure computing power is called up.
 //
 // For example, in blockchains based on proof of work, the miners have
 // to find a nonce for a certain character string so that the first m bits
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
 
         // After the threads have been started,
         // they run in parallel and we can still do some work in between.
-        std.time.sleep(1500 * std.time.ns_per_ms);
+        std.Thread.sleep(1500 * std.time.ns_per_ms);
         std.debug.print("Some weird stuff, after starting the threads.\n", .{});
     }
     // After we have left the closed area, we wait until
@@ -117,12 +117,12 @@ pub fn main() !void {
 // This function is started with every thread that we set up.
 // In our example, we pass the number of the thread as a parameter.
 fn thread_function(num: usize) !void {
-    std.time.sleep(200 * num * std.time.ns_per_ms);
+    std.Thread.sleep(200 * num * std.time.ns_per_ms);
     std.debug.print("thread {d}: {s}\n", .{ num, "started." });
 
     // This timer simulates the work of the thread.
     const work_time = 3 * ((5 - num % 3) - 2);
-    std.time.sleep(work_time * std.time.ns_per_s);
+    std.Thread.sleep(work_time * std.time.ns_per_s);
 
     std.debug.print("thread {d}: {s}\n", .{ num, "finished." });
 }

exercises/105_threading2.zig

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //
-// Now that we are familiar with the principles of multi threading, we
+// Now that we are familiar with the principles of multi-threading,
-// boldly venture into a practical example from mathematics.
+// let's boldly venture into a practical example from mathematics.
 // We will determine the circle number PI with sufficient accuracy.
 //
 // There are different methods for this, and some of them are several
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 // There were the Scottish mathematician Gregory and the German
 // mathematician Leibniz, and even a few hundred years earlier the Indian
 // mathematician Madhava. All of them independently developed the same
-// formula, which was published by Leibnitz in 1682 in the journal
+// formula, which was published by Leibniz in 1682 in the journal
 // "Acta Eruditorum".
-// This is why this method has become known as the "Leibnitz series",
+// This is why this method has become known as the "Leibniz series",
 // although the other names are also often used today.
 // We will not go into the formula and its derivation in detail, but
 // will deal with the series straight away:
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 // enough for us for now, because we want to understand the principle and
 // nothing more, right?
 //
-// As we have already discovered, the Leibnitz series is a series with a
+// As we have already discovered, the Leibniz series is a series with a
 // fixed distance of 2 between the individual partial values. This makes
 // it easy to apply a simple loop to it, because if we start with n = 1
 // (which is not necessarily useful now) we always have to add 2 in each
@@ -104,4 +104,4 @@ fn thread_pi(pi: *f64, begin: u64, end: u64) !void {
 // to such an extent that seconds become minutes during execution.
 //
 // And you should remove the formatting restriction in "print",
-// otherwise you will not be able to see the additional diggits.
+// otherwise you will not be able to see the additional digits.

exercises/106_files.zig

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 //
 // Until now, we've only been printing our output in the console,
-// which is good enough for fighting alien and hermit bookkeeping.
+// which is good enough for fighting aliens and hermit bookkeeping.
 //
-// However, many other task require some interaction with the file system,
+// However, many other tasks require some interaction with the file system,
 // which is the underlying structure for organizing files on your computer.
 //
-// The File System provide a hierarchical structure for storing files
+// The file system provides a hierarchical structure for storing files
-// by organizing files into directories, which hold files and other directories,
+// by organizing them into directories, which hold files and other directories,
-// thus creating a tree structure for navigating.
+// thus creating a tree structure that can be navigated.
 //
-// Fortunately, zig standard library provide a simple api for interacting
+// Fortunately, the Zig Standard Library provides a simple API for interacting
-// with the file system, see the detail documentation here
+// with the file system, see the detail documentation here:
 //
 // https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/std/#std.fs
 //
-// In this exercise, we'll try to
+// In this exercise, we'll try to:
-//   - create a new directory
+//   - create a new directory,
-//   - open a file in the directory
+//   - open a file in the directory,
 //   - write to the file.
 //
 // import std as always
@@ -27,43 +27,43 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     const cwd: std.fs.Dir = std.fs.cwd();
 
     // then we'll try to make a new directory /output/
-    // to put our output files.
+    // to store our output files.
     cwd.makeDir("output") catch |e| switch (e) {
-        // there are chance you might want to run this
+        // there is a chance you might want to run this
         // program more than once and the path might already
-        // been created, so we'll have to handle this error
+        // have been created, so we'll have to handle this error
         // by doing nothing
         //
         // we want to catch error.PathAlreadyExists and do nothing
         ??? => {},
-        // if is any other unexpected error we just propagate it through
+        // if there's any other unexpected error we just propagate it through
         else => return e,
     };
 
     // then we'll try to open our freshly created directory
-    // wait a minute
+    // wait a minute...
     // opening a directory might fail!
     // what should we do here?
     var output_dir: std.fs.Dir = cwd.openDir("output", .{});
     defer output_dir.close();
 
     // we try to open the file `zigling.txt`,
-    // and propagate the error up if there are any errors
+    // and propagate any error up
     const file: std.fs.File = try output_dir.createFile("zigling.txt", .{});
-    // it is a good habit to close a file after you are done with
+    // it is a good habit to close a file after you are done with it
-    // so that other program can read it and prevent data corruption
+    // so that other programs can read it and prevent data corruption
     // but here we are not yet done writing to the file
-    // if only there are a keyword in zig that
+    // if only there were a keyword in Zig that
-    // allow you "defer" code execute to the end of scope...
+    // allowed you to "defer" code execution to the end of the scope...
     file.close();
 
-    // !you are not allow to switch this two lines to before file closing line!
+    // you are not allowed to move these two lines above the file closing line!
     const byte_written = try file.write("It's zigling time!");
     std.debug.print("Successfully wrote {d} bytes.\n", .{byte_written});
 }
 // to check if you actually write to the file, you can either,
-// 1. open the file on your text editor, or
+// 1. open the file in your text editor, or
-// 2. print the content of the file in the console with command
+// 2. print the content of the file in the console with the following command
 //    >> cat ./output/zigling.txt
 //
 //
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
 //
 // Question:
 //   - what should you do if you want to also read the file after opening it?
-//   - go to documentation of the struct `std.fs.Dir` here
+//   - go to the documentation of the struct `std.fs.Dir` here:
 //     https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/std/#std.fs.Dir
 //       - can you find a function for opening a file? how about deleting a file?
-//       - what kind of option can you uses with those function?
+//       - what kind of options can you use with those functions?

exercises/107_files2.zig

@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@
 //    - create a file {project_root}/output/zigling.txt
 //      with content `It's zigling time!`(18 byte total)
 //
-// Now there no point in writing to a file if we don't read from it am I right?
+// Now there's no point in writing to a file if we don't read from it, am I right?
-// let's wrote a program to read the content of the file that we just created.
+// Let's write a program to read the content of the file that we just created.
 //
-// I am assuming you've created the appropriate files for this to work.
+// I am assuming that you've created the appropriate files for this to work.
 //
-// Alright, bud, lean in close here's the game plan.
+// Alright, bud, lean in close. Here's the game plan.
 //    - First, we open the {project_root}/output/ directory
 //    - Secondly, we open file `zigling.txt` in that directory
-//    - then, we initalize an array of character with all letter 'A', and print it
+//    - Then, we initialize an array of characters with all letter 'A', and print it
-//    - After that, we read the content of the file to the array
+//    - After that, we read the content of the file into the array
-//    - Finally, we print out the read content
+//    - Finally, we print out the content we just read
 
 const std = @import("std");
 
@@ -30,23 +30,23 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     const file = try output_dir.openFile("zigling.txt", .{});
     defer file.close();
 
-    // initalize an array of u8 with all letter 'A'.
+    // initialize an array of u8 with all letter 'A'
-    // we need to pick a size of the array, 64 seems like a good number.
+    // we need to pick the size of the array, 64 seems like a good number
-    // fix the initalization below
+    // fix the initialization below
     var content = ['A']*64;
     // this should print out : `AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA`
     std.debug.print("{s}\n", .{content});
 
-    // okay, seem like threat of violence is not the answer in this case
+    // okay, seems like a threat of violence is not the answer in this case
     // can you go here to find a way to read the content?
     // https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/std/#std.fs.File
-    // hint: you might find two answer that are both vaild in this case
+    // hint: you might find two answers that are both valid in this case
-    const byte_read = zig_read_the_file_or_i_will_fight_you(&content);
+    const bytes_read = zig_read_the_file_or_i_will_fight_you(&content);
 
-    // Woah, too screamy, I know you're excited for zigling time but tone it down a bit
+    // Woah, too screamy. I know you're excited for zigling time but tone it down a bit.
     // Can you print only what we read from the file?
-    std.debug.print("Successfully Read {d} byte: {s}\n", .{
+    std.debug.print("Successfully Read {d} bytes: {s}\n", .{
-        byte_read,
+        bytes_read,
         content, // change this line only
     });
 }

exercises/108_labeled_switch.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//
+// You've heard of while loops in exercises 011,012,013 and 014
+// You've also heard of switch expressions in exercises 030 and 31.
+// You've also seen how labels can be used in exercise 063.
+//
+// By combining while loops and switch statements with continue and break statements
+// one can create very concise State Machines.
+//
+// One such example would be:
+//
+//      pub fn main() void {
+//          var op: u8 = 1;
+//          while (true) {
+//              switch (op) {
+//                  1 => { op = 2; continue; },
+//                  2 => { op = 3; continue; },
+//                  3 => return,
+//                  else => {},
+//              }
+//              break;
+//          }
+//          std.debug.print("This statement cannot be reached\n", .{});
+//      }
+//
+// By combining all we've learned so far, we can now proceed with a labeled switch.
+//
+// A labeled switch is some extra syntactic sugar, which comes with all sorts of
+// candy (performance benefits). Don't believe me? Directly to source https://github.com/ziglang/zig/pull/21367
+//
+// Here is the previous excerpt implemented as a labeled switch instead:
+//
+//      pub fn main() void {
+//          foo: switch (@as(u8, 1)) {
+//              1 => continue :foo 2,
+//              2 => continue :foo 3,
+//              3 => return,
+//              else => {},
+//          }
+//          std.debug.print("This statement cannot be reached\n", .{});
+//      }
+//
+// The flow of execution on this second case is:
+//  1. The switch starts with value '1';
+//  2. The switch evaluates to case '1' which in turn uses the continue statement
+//     to re-evaluate the labeled switch again, now providing the value '2';
+//  3. In the case '2' we repeat the same pattern as case '1'
+//     but instead the value to be evaluated is now '3';
+//  4. Finally we get to case '3', where we return from the function as a whole,
+//     so the debug statement is never executed.
+//  5. In this example, since the input does not have clear, exhaustive patterns and
+//     can essentially be any 'u8' integer, we need to handle all cases not explicitly
+//     covered by using the 'else => {}' branch as the default case.
+//
+//
+const std = @import("std");
+
+const PullRequestState = enum(u8) {
+    Draft,
+    InReview,
+    Approved,
+    Rejected,
+    Merged,
+};
+
+pub fn main() void {
+    // Oh no, your pull request keeps being rejected,
+    // how would you fix it?
+    pr: switch (PullRequestState.Draft) {
+        PullRequestState.Draft => continue :pr PullRequestState.InReview,
+        PullRequestState.InReview => continue :pr PullRequestState.Rejected,
+        PullRequestState.Approved => continue :pr PullRequestState.Merged,
+        PullRequestState.Rejected => {
+            std.debug.print("The pull request has been rejected.\n", .{});
+            return;
+        },
+        PullRequestState.Merged => break, // Would you know where to break to?
+    }
+    std.debug.print("The pull request has been merged.\n", .{});
+}

exercises/109_vectors.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// So far in Ziglings, we've seen how for loops can be used to
+// repeat calculations across an array in several ways.
+//
+// For loops are generally great for this kind of task, but
+// sometimes they don't fully utilize the capabilities of the
+// CPU.
+//
+// Most modern CPUs can execute instructions in which SEVERAL
+// calculations are performed WITHIN registers at the SAME TIME.
+// These are known as "single instruction, multiple data" (SIMD)
+// instructions. SIMD instructions can make code significantly
+// more performant.
+//
+// To see why, imagine we have a program in which we take the
+// square root of four (changing) f32 floats.
+//
+// A simple compiler would take the program and produce machine code
+// which calculates each square root sequentially. Most registers on
+// modern CPUs have 64 bits, so we could imagine that each float moves
+// into a 64-bit register, and the following happens four times:
+//
+//            32 bits   32 bits
+//          +-------------------+
+// register |    0    |    x    |
+//          +-------------------+
+//
+//                    |
+//           [SQRT instruction]
+//                    V
+//
+//          +-------------------+
+//          |    0    | sqrt(x) |
+//          +-------------------+
+//
+// Notice that half of the register contains blank data to which
+// nothing happened. What a waste! What if we were able to use
+// that space instead? This is the idea at the core of SIMD.
+//
+// Most modern CPUs contain specialized registers with at least 128 bits
+// for performing SIMD instructions. On a machine with 128-bit SIMD
+// registers, a smart compiler would probably NOT issue four sqrt
+// instructions as above, but instead pack the floats into a single
+// 128-bit register, then execute a single "packed" sqrt
+// instruction to do ALL the square root calculations at once.
+//
+// For example:
+//
+//
+//             32 bits   32 bits   32 bits   32 bits
+//           +---------------------------------------+
+// register  |   4.0   |   9.0   |  25.0   |  49.0   |
+//           +---------------------------------------+
+//
+//                              |
+//                  [SIMD SQRT instruction]
+//                              V
+//
+//           +---------------------------------------+
+// register  |   2.0   |   3.0   |   5.0   |   7.0   |
+//           +---------------------------------------+
+//
+// Pretty cool, right?
+//
+// Code with SIMD instructions is usually more performant than code
+// without SIMD instructions. Zig cares a lot about performance,
+// so it has built-in support for SIMD! It has a data structure that
+// directly supports SIMD instructions:
+//
+//                        +-----------+
+//                        |  Vectors  |
+//                        +-----------+
+//
+// Operations performed on vectors in Zig will be done in parallel using
+// SIMD instructions, whenever possible.
+//
+// Defining vectors in Zig is straightforwards. No library import is needed.
+const v1 = @Vector(3, i32){ 1, 10, 100 };
+const v2 = @Vector(3, f32){ 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 };
+
+// Vectors support the same builtin operators as their underlying base types.
+const v3 = v1 + v1; // {   2,  20,  200};
+const v4 = v2 * v2; // { 4.0, 9.0, 25.0};
+
+// Intrinsics that apply to base types usually extend to vectors.
+const v5: @Vector(3, f32) = @floatFromInt(v3); // { 2.0,  20.0,  200.0}
+const v6 = v4 - v5; // { 2.0, -11.0, -175.0}
+const v7 = @abs(v6); // { 2.0,  11.0,  175.0}
+
+// We can make constant vectors, and reduce vectors.
+const v8: @Vector(4, u8) = @splat(2); // { 2, 2, 2, 2}
+const v8_sum = @reduce(.Add, v8); // 8
+const v8_min = @reduce(.Min, v8); // 2
+
+// Fixed-length arrays can be automatically assigned to vectors (and vice-versa).
+const single_digit_primes = [4]i8{ 2, 3, 5, 7 };
+const prime_vector: @Vector(4, i8) = single_digit_primes;
+
+// Now let's use vectors to simplify and optimize some code!
+//
+// Ewa is writing a program in which they frequently want to compare
+// two lists of four f32s. Ewa expects the lists to be similar, and
+// wants to determine the largest pairwise difference between the lists.
+//
+// Ewa wrote the following function to figure this out.
+
+fn calcMaxPairwiseDiffOld(list1: [4]f32, list2: [4]f32) f32 {
+    var max_diff: f32 = 0;
+    for (list1, list2) |n1, n2| {
+        const abs_diff = @abs(n1 - n2);
+        if (abs_diff > max_diff) {
+            max_diff = abs_diff;
+        }
+    }
+    return max_diff;
+}
+
+// Ewa heard about vectors in Zig, and started writing a new vector
+// version of the function, but has got stuck!
+//
+// Help Ewa finish the vector version! The examples above should help.
+
+const Vec4 = @Vector(4, f32);
+fn calcMaxPairwiseDiffNew(a: Vec4, b: Vec4) f32 {
+    const abs_diff_vec = ???;
+    const max_diff = @reduce(???, abs_diff_vec);
+    return max_diff;
+}
+
+// Quite the simplification! We could even write the function in one line
+// and it would still be readable.
+//
+// Since the entire function is now expressed in terms of vector operations,
+// the Zig compiler will easily be able to compile it down to machine code
+// which utilizes the all-powerful SIMD instructions and does a lot of the
+// computation in parallel.
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const print = std.debug.print;
+
+pub fn main() void {
+    const l1 = [4]f32{ 3.141, 2.718, 0.577, 1.000 };
+    const l2 = [4]f32{ 3.154, 2.707, 0.591, 0.993 };
+    const mpd_old = calcMaxPairwiseDiffOld(l1, l2);
+    const mpd_new = calcMaxPairwiseDiffNew(l1, l2);
+    print("Max difference (old fn): {d: >5.3}\n", .{mpd_old});
+    print("Max difference (new fn): {d: >5.3}\n", .{mpd_new});
+}

exercises/110_quiz9.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Quiz Time: Toggling, Setting, and Clearing Bits
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Another exciting thing about Zig is its suitability for embedded
+// programming. Your Zig code doesn't have to remain on your laptop; you can
+// also deploy your code to microcontrollers! This means you can write Zig to
+// drive your next robot or greenhouse climate control system! Ready to enter
+// the exciting world of embedded programming? Let's get started!
+//
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Some Background
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// A common activity in microcontroller programming is setting and clearing
+// bits on input and output pins. This lets you control LEDs, sensors, motors
+// and more! In a previous exercise (097_bit_manipulation.zig) you learned how
+// to swap two bytes using the ^ (XOR - exclusive or) operator. This quiz will
+// test your knowledge of bit manipulation in Zig while giving you a taste of
+// what it's like to control registers in a real microcontroller. Included at
+// the end are some helper functions that demonstrate how we might make our
+// code a little more readable.
+//
+// Below is a pinout diagram for the famous ATmega328 AVR microcontroller used
+// as the primary microchip on popular microcontroller platforms like the
+// Arduino UNO.
+//
+//  ============ PINOUT DIAGRAM FOR ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER ============
+//                                _____ _____
+//                               |     U     |
+//                 (RESET) PC6 --|  1     28 |-- PC5
+//                         PD0 --|  2     27 |-- PC4
+//                         PD1 --|  3     26 |-- PC3
+//                         PD2 --|  4     25 |-- PC2
+//                         PD3 --|  5     24 |-- PC1
+//                         PD4 --|  6     23 |-- PC0
+//                         VCC --|  7     22 |-- GND
+//                         GND --|  8     21 |-- AREF
+//                     |-- PB6 --|  9     20 |-- AVCC
+//                     |-- PB7 --| 10     19 |-- PB5 --|
+//                     |   PD5 --| 11     18 |-- PB4 --|
+//                     |   PD6 --| 12     17 |-- PB3 --|
+//                     |   PD7 --| 13     16 |-- PB2 --|
+//                     |-- PB0 --| 14     15 |-- PB1 --|
+//                     |         |___________|         |
+//                     \_______________________________/
+//                                    |
+//                                  PORTB
+//
+// Drawing inspiration from this diagram, we'll use the pins for PORTB as our
+// mental model for this quiz on bit manipulation. It should be noted that
+// in the following problems we are using ordinary variables, one of which we
+// have named PORTB, to simulate modifying the bits of real hardware registers.
+// But in actual microcontroller code, PORTB would be defined something like
+// this:
+//          pub const PORTB = @as(*volatile u8, @ptrFromInt(0x25));
+//
+// This lets the compiler know not to make any optimizations to PORTB so that
+// the IO pins are properly mapped to our code.
+//
+// NOTE : To keep things simple, the following problems are given using type
+// u4, so applying the output to PORTB would only affect the lower four pins
+// PB0..PB3. Of course, there is nothing to prevent you from swapping the u4
+// with a u8 so you can control all 8 of PORTB's IO pins.
+
+const std = @import("std");
+const print = std.debug.print;
+const testing = std.testing;
+
+pub fn main() !void {
+    var PORTB: u4 = 0b0000; // only 4 bits wide for simplicity
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Quiz
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    // See if you can solve the following problems. The last two problems throw
+    // you a bit of a curve ball. Try solving them on your own. If you need
+    // help, scroll to the bottom of main to see some in depth explanations on
+    // toggling, setting, and clearing bits in Zig.
+
+    print("Toggle pins with XOR on PORTB\n", .{});
+    print("-----------------------------\n", .{});
+    PORTB = 0b1100;
+    print("  {b:0>4} // (initial state of PORTB)\n", .{PORTB});
+    print("^ {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b0101});
+    PORTB ^= (1 << 1) | (1 << 0); // What's wrong here?
+    checkAnswer(0b1001, PORTB);
+
+    newline();
+
+    PORTB = 0b1100;
+    print("  {b:0>4} // (initial state of PORTB)\n", .{PORTB});
+    print("^ {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b0011});
+    PORTB ^= (1 << 1) & (1 << 0); // What's wrong here?
+    checkAnswer(0b1111, PORTB);
+
+    newline();
+
+    print("Set pins with OR on PORTB\n", .{});
+    print("-------------------------\n", .{});
+
+    PORTB = 0b1001; // reset PORTB
+    print("  {b:0>4} // (initial state of PORTB)\n", .{PORTB});
+    print("| {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b0100});
+    PORTB = PORTB ??? (1 << 2); // What's missing here?
+    checkAnswer(0b1101, PORTB);
+
+    newline();
+
+    PORTB = 0b1001; // reset PORTB
+    print("  {b:0>4} // (reset state)\n", .{PORTB});
+    print("| {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b0100});
+    PORTB ??? (1 << 2); // What's missing here?
+    checkAnswer(0b1101, PORTB);
+
+    newline();
+
+    print("Clear pins with AND and NOT on PORTB\n", .{});
+    print("------------------------------------\n", .{});
+
+    PORTB = 0b1110; // reset PORTB
+    print("  {b:0>4} // (initial state of PORTB)\n", .{PORTB});
+    print("& {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b1011});
+    PORTB = PORTB & ???@as(u4, 1 << 2); // What character is missing here?
+    checkAnswer(0b1010, PORTB);
+
+    newline();
+
+    PORTB = 0b0111; // reset PORTB
+    print("  {b:0>4} // (reset state)\n", .{PORTB});
+    print("& {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b1110});
+    PORTB &= ~(1 << 0); // What's missing here?
+    checkAnswer(0b0110, PORTB);
+
+    newline();
+    newline();
+}
+
+// ************************************************************************
+//                    IN-DEPTH EXPLANATIONS BELOW
+// ************************************************************************
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Toggling bits with XOR:
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// XOR stands for "exclusive or". We can toggle bits with the ^ (XOR)
+// bitwise operator, like so:
+//
+//
+// In order to output a 1, the logic of an XOR operation requires that the
+// two input bits are of different values. Therefore, 0 ^ 1 and 1 ^ 0 will
+// both yield a 1 but 0 ^ 0 and 1 ^ 1 will output 0. XOR's unique behavior
+// of outputting a 0 when both inputs are 1s is what makes it different from
+// the OR operator; it also gives us the ability to toggle bits by putting
+// 1s into our bitmask.
+//
+// - 1s in our bitmask operand, can be thought of as causing the
+//   corresponding bits in the other operand to flip to the opposite value.
+// - 0s cause no change.
+//
+//                            The 0s in our bitmask preserve these values
+// -XOR op- ---expanded---    in the output.
+//            _______________/
+//           /       /
+//   1100   1   1   0   0
+// ^ 0101   0   1   0   1 (bitmask)
+// ------   -   -   -   -
+// = 1001   1   0   0   1 <- This bit was already cleared.
+//              \_______\
+//                       \
+//                         We can think of these bits having flipped
+//                         because of the presence of 1s in those columns
+//                         of our bitmask.
+//
+// Now let's take a look at setting bits with the | operator.
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Setting bits with OR:
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// We can set bits on PORTB with the | (OR) operator, like so:
+//
+// var PORTB: u4 = 0b1001;
+// PORTB = PORTB | 0b0010;
+// print("PORTB: {b:0>4}\n", .{PORTB}); // output: 1011
+//
+// -OR op-  ---expanded---
+//                    _ Set only this bit.
+//                   /
+//   1001   1   0   0   1
+// | 0010   0   0   1   0 (bitmask)
+// ------   -   -   -   -
+// = 1011   1   0   1   1
+//           \___\_______\
+//                        \
+//                          These bits remain untouched because OR-ing with
+//                          a 0 effects no change.
+//
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// To create a bitmask like 0b0010 used above:
+//
+// 1. First, shift the value 1 over one place with the bitwise << (shift
+// left) operator as indicated below:
+//           1 << 0 -> 0001
+//           1 << 1 -> 0010  <-- Shift 1 one place to the left
+//           1 << 2 -> 0100
+//           1 << 3 -> 1000
+//
+// This allows us to rewrite the above code like this:
+//
+// var PORTB: u4 = 0b1001;
+// PORTB = PORTB | (1 << 1);
+// print("PORTB: {b:0>4}\n", .{PORTB}); // output: 1011
+//
+// Finally, as in the C language, Zig allows us to use the |= operator, so
+// we can rewrite our code again in an even more compact and idiomatic
+// form: PORTB |= (1 << 1)
+
+// So now we've covered how to toggle and set bits. What about clearing
+// them? Well, this is where Zig throws us a curve ball. Don't worry we'll
+// go through it step by step.
+//
+//
+//
+//
+//
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Clearing bits with AND and NOT:
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// We can clear bits with the & (AND) bitwise operator, like so:
+
+// PORTB = 0b1110; // reset PORTB
+// PORTB = PORTB & 0b1011;
+// print("PORTB: {b:0>4}\n", .{PORTB}); // output -> 1010
+//
+// - 0s clear bits when used in conjunction with a bitwise AND.
+// - 1s do nothing, thus preserving the original bits.
+//
+// -AND op- ---expanded---
+//                __________ Clear only this bit.
+//               /
+//   1110   1   1   1   0
+// & 1011   1   0   1   1 (bitmask)
+// ------   -   -   -   -
+// = 1010   1   0   1   0 <- This bit was already cleared.
+//           \_______\
+//                    \
+//                      These bits remain untouched because AND-ing with a
+//                      1 preserves the original bit value whether 0 or 1.
+//
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// We can use the ~ (NOT) operator to easily create a bitmask like 1011:
+//
+//  1. First, shift the value 1 over two places with the bit-wise << (shift
+//     left) operator as indicated below:
+//          1 << 0 -> 0001
+//          1 << 1 -> 0010
+//          1 << 2 -> 0100 <- The 1 has been shifted two places to the left
+//          1 << 3 -> 1000
+//
+//  2. The second step in creating our bitmask is to invert the bits
+//          ~0100 -> 1011
+//     in C we would write this as:
+//          ~(1 << 2) -> 1011
+//
+//     But if we try to compile ~(1 << 2) in Zig, we'll get an error:
+//          unable to perform binary not operation on type 'comptime_int'
+//
+//     Before Zig can invert our bits, it needs to know the number of
+//     bits it's being asked to invert.
+//
+//     We do this with the @as (cast as) built-in like this:
+//          @as(u4, 1 << 2) -> 0100
+//
+//     Finally, we can invert our new mask by placing the NOT ~ operator
+//     before our expression, like this:
+//          ~@as(u4, 1 << 2) -> 1011
+//
+//     If you are offput by the fact that you can't simply invert bits like
+//     you can in languages such as C without casting to a particular size
+//     of integer, you're not alone. However, this is actually another
+//     instance where Zig is really helpful because it protects you from
+//     difficult to debug integer overflow bugs that can have you tearing
+//     your hair out. In the interest of keeping things sane, Zig requires
+//     you simply to tell it the size of number you are inverting. In the
+//     words of Andrew Kelley, "If you want to invert the bits of an
+//     integer, zig has to know how many bits there are."
+//
+//     For more insight into the Zig team's position on why the language
+//     takes the approach it does with the ~ operator, take a look at
+//     Andrew's comments on the following github issue:
+//     https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/1382#issuecomment-414459529
+//
+// Whew, so after all that what we end up with is:
+//          PORTB = PORTB & ~@as(u4, 1 << 2);
+//
+// We can shorten this with the &= combined AND and assignment operator,
+// which applies the AND operator on PORTB and then reassigns PORTB. Here's
+// what that looks like:
+//          PORTB &= ~@as(u4, 1 << 2);
+//
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Conclusion
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// While the examples in this quiz have used only 4-bit wide variables,
+// working with 8 bits is no different. Here's an example where we set
+// every other bit beginning with the two's place:
+
+// var PORTD: u8 = 0b0000_0000;
+// print("PORTD: {b:0>8}\n", .{PORTD});
+// PORTD |= (1 << 1);
+// PORTD = setBit(u8, PORTD, 3);
+// PORTD |= (1 << 5) | (1 << 7);
+// print("PORTD: {b:0>8} // set every other bit\n", .{PORTD});
+// PORTD = ~PORTD;
+// print("PORTD: {b:0>8} // bits flipped with NOT (~)\n", .{PORTD});
+// newline();
+//
+// // Here we clear every other bit beginning with the two's place.
+//
+// PORTD = 0b1111_1111;
+// print("PORTD: {b:0>8}\n", .{PORTD});
+// PORTD &= ~@as(u8, 1 << 1);
+// PORTD = clearBit(u8, PORTD, 3);
+// PORTD &= ~@as(u8, (1 << 5) | (1 << 7));
+// print("PORTD: {b:0>8} // clear every other bit\n", .{PORTD});
+// PORTD = ~PORTD;
+// print("PORTD: {b:0>8} // bits flipped with NOT (~)\n", .{PORTD});
+// newline();
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Here are some helper functions for manipulating bits
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Functions for setting, clearing, and toggling a single bit
+fn setBit(comptime T: type, byte: T, comptime bit_pos: T) !T {
+    return byte | (1 << bit_pos);
+}
+
+test "setBit" {
+    try testing.expectEqual(setBit(u8, 0b0000_0000, 3), 0b0000_1000);
+}
+
+fn clearBit(comptime T: type, byte: T, comptime bit_pos: T) T {
+    return byte & ~@as(T, (1 << bit_pos));
+}
+
+test "clearBit" {
+    try testing.expectEqual(clearBit(u8, 0b1111_1111, 0), 0b1111_1110);
+}
+
+fn toggleBit(comptime T: type, byte: T, comptime bit_pos: T) T {
+    return byte ^ (1 << bit_pos);
+}
+
+test "toggleBit" {
+    var byte = toggleBit(u8, 0b0000_0000, 0);
+    try testing.expectEqual(byte, 0b0000_0001);
+    byte = toggleBit(u8, byte, 0);
+    try testing.expectEqual(byte, 0b0000_0000);
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Some additional functions for setting, clearing, and toggling multiple bits
+// at once with a tuple because, hey, why not?
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+
+fn createBitmask(comptime T: type, comptime bits: anytype) !T {
+    comptime var bitmask: T = 0;
+    inline for (bits) |bit| {
+        if (bit >= @bitSizeOf(T)) return error.BitPosTooLarge;
+        if (bit < 0) return error.BitPosTooSmall;
+
+        bitmask |= (1 << bit);
+    }
+    return bitmask;
+}
+
+test "creating bitmasks from a tuple" {
+    try testing.expectEqual(createBitmask(u8, .{0}), 0b0000_0001);
+    try testing.expectEqual(createBitmask(u8, .{1}), 0b0000_0010);
+    try testing.expectEqual(createBitmask(u8, .{2}), 0b0000_0100);
+    try testing.expectEqual(createBitmask(u8, .{3}), 0b0000_1000);
+    //
+    try testing.expectEqual(createBitmask(u8, .{ 0, 4 }), 0b0001_0001);
+    try testing.expectEqual(createBitmask(u8, .{ 1, 5 }), 0b0010_0010);
+    try testing.expectEqual(createBitmask(u8, .{ 2, 6 }), 0b0100_0100);
+    try testing.expectEqual(createBitmask(u8, .{ 3, 7 }), 0b1000_1000);
+
+    try testing.expectError(error.BitPosTooLarge, createBitmask(u4, .{4}));
+}
+
+fn setBits(byte: u8, bits: anytype) !u8 {
+    const bitmask = try createBitmask(u8, bits);
+    return byte | bitmask;
+}
+
+test "setBits" {
+    try testing.expectEqual(setBits(0b0000_0000, .{0}), 0b0000_0001);
+    try testing.expectEqual(setBits(0b0000_0000, .{7}), 0b1000_0000);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(setBits(0b0000_0000, .{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }), 0b1111_1111);
+    try testing.expectEqual(setBits(0b1111_1111, .{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }), 0b1111_1111);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(setBits(0b0000_0000, .{ 2, 3, 4, 5 }), 0b0011_1100);
+
+    try testing.expectError(error.BitPosTooLarge, setBits(0b1111_1111, .{8}));
+    try testing.expectError(error.BitPosTooSmall, setBits(0b1111_1111, .{-1}));
+}
+
+fn clearBits(comptime byte: u8, comptime bits: anytype) !u8 {
+    const bitmask: u8 = try createBitmask(u8, bits);
+    return byte & ~@as(u8, bitmask);
+}
+
+test "clearBits" {
+    try testing.expectEqual(clearBits(0b1111_1111, .{0}), 0b1111_1110);
+    try testing.expectEqual(clearBits(0b1111_1111, .{7}), 0b0111_1111);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(clearBits(0b1111_1111, .{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }), 0b000_0000);
+    try testing.expectEqual(clearBits(0b0000_0000, .{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }), 0b000_0000);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(clearBits(0b1111_1111, .{ 0, 1, 6, 7 }), 0b0011_1100);
+
+    try testing.expectError(error.BitPosTooLarge, clearBits(0b1111_1111, .{8}));
+    try testing.expectError(error.BitPosTooSmall, clearBits(0b1111_1111, .{-1}));
+}
+
+fn toggleBits(comptime byte: u8, comptime bits: anytype) !u8 {
+    const bitmask = try createBitmask(u8, bits);
+    return byte ^ bitmask;
+}
+
+test "toggleBits" {
+    try testing.expectEqual(toggleBits(0b0000_0000, .{0}), 0b0000_0001);
+    try testing.expectEqual(toggleBits(0b0000_0000, .{7}), 0b1000_0000);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(toggleBits(0b1111_1111, .{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }), 0b000_0000);
+    try testing.expectEqual(toggleBits(0b0000_0000, .{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }), 0b1111_1111);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(toggleBits(0b0000_1111, .{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }), 0b1111_0000);
+    try testing.expectEqual(toggleBits(0b0000_1111, .{ 0, 1, 2, 3 }), 0b0000_0000);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(toggleBits(0b0000_0000, .{ 0, 2, 4, 6 }), 0b0101_0101);
+
+    try testing.expectError(error.BitPosTooLarge, toggleBits(0b1111_1111, .{8}));
+    try testing.expectError(error.BitPosTooSmall, toggleBits(0b1111_1111, .{-1}));
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Utility functions
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn newline() void {
+    print("\n", .{});
+}
+
+fn checkAnswer(expected: u4, answer: u4) void {
+    if (expected != answer) {
+        print("*************************************************************\n", .{});
+        print("= {b:0>4} <- INCORRECT! THE EXPECTED OUTPUT IS {b:0>4}\n", .{ answer, expected });
+        print("*************************************************************\n", .{});
+    } else {
+        print("= {b:0>4}", .{answer});
+    }
+    newline();
+}

patches/eowyn.sh

@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@
 # using the patches in this directory and convey them
 # to convalesce in the healed directory.
 #
+delete_progress() {
+    progress_file=".progress.txt"
+    if [ -f $progress_file ]; then
+        rm $progress_file 
+    fi
+}
 set -e
 
 # We check ourselves before we wreck ourselves.
@@ -23,9 +29,12 @@ fi
 
 # Which version we have?
 echo "Zig version" $(zig version)
-echo "Eowyn version 23.10.5.1, let's try our magic power."
+echo "Eowyn version 25.1.9, let's try our magic power."
 echo ""
 
+# Remove progress file
+delete_progress
+
 # Create directory of healing if it doesn't already exist.
 mkdir -p patches/healed
 
@@ -54,3 +63,6 @@ zig fmt --check patches/healed
 
 # Test the healed exercises. May the compiler have mercy upon us.
 zig build -Dhealed
+
+# Remove progress file again
+delete_progress

patches/patches/026_hello2.patch

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
---- exercises/026_hello2.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.122241138 +0200
+--- exercises/026_hello2.zig	2025-07-22 09:55:51.337832401 +0200
-+++ answers/026_hello2.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:06.959431737 +0200
++++ answers/026_hello2.zig	2025-07-22 10:00:11.233348058 +0200
 @@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
      // to be able to pass it up as a return value of main().
      //
      // We just learned of a single statement which can accomplish this.
--    stdout.print("Hello world!\n", .{});
+-    stdout.interface.print("Hello world!\n", .{});
-+    try stdout.print("Hello world!\n", .{});
++    try stdout.interface.print("Hello world!\n", .{});
  }

patches/patches/034_quiz4.patch

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
---- exercises/034_quiz4.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.122241138 +0200
+--- exercises/034_quiz4.zig	2025-07-22 09:55:51.337832401 +0200
-+++ answers/034_quiz4.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:06.996099091 +0200
++++ answers/034_quiz4.zig	2025-07-22 10:05:08.320323184 +0200
 @@ -9,10 +9,10 @@
  
  const NumError = error{IllegalNumber};
  
 -pub fn main() void {
 +pub fn main() !void {
-     const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
+     var stdout = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&.{});
  
 -    const my_num: u32 = getNumber();
 +    const my_num: u32 = try getNumber();
  
-     try stdout.print("my_num={}\n", .{my_num});
+     try stdout.interface.print("my_num={}\n", .{my_num});
  }

patches/patches/046_optionals2.patch

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
---- exercises/046_optionals2.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.122241138 +0200
+--- exercises/046_optionals2.zig	2024-11-08 22:46:25.592875338 +0100
-+++ answers/046_optionals2.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.049433424 +0200
++++ answers/046_optionals2.zig	2024-11-08 22:46:20.699447951 +0100
-@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
+@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  
  const Elephant = struct {
      letter: u8,
 -    tail: *Elephant = null, // Hmm... tail needs something...
-+    tail: ?*Elephant = null, // <---- make this optional!
++    tail: ?*Elephant = null, // Hmm... tail needs something...
      visited: bool = false,
  };
  
-@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
+@@ -66,6 +66,6 @@
-         // We should stop once we encounter a tail that
-         // does NOT point to another element. What can
-         // we put here to make that happen?
--        if (e.tail == null) ???;
-+        if (e.tail == null) break;
  
-         e = e.tail.?;
+         // HINT: We want something similar to what `.?` does,
+         // but instead of ending the program, we want to exit the loop...
+-        e = e.tail ???
++        e = e.tail orelse break;
+     }
  }

patches/patches/058_quiz7.patch

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
---- exercises/058_quiz7.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
+--- exercises/058_quiz7.zig	2024-10-28 09:06:49.448505460 +0100
-+++ answers/058_quiz7.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.106101152 +0200
++++ answers/058_quiz7.zig	2024-10-28 09:35:14.631932322 +0100
 @@ -192,8 +192,8 @@
              // Oops! The hermit forgot how to capture the union values
-             // in a switch statement. Please capture both values as
+             // in a switch statement. Please capture each value as
              // 'p' so the print statements work!
 -            .place => print("{s}", .{p.name}),
 -            .path => print("--{}->", .{p.dist}),

patches/patches/060_floats.patch

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
---- exercises/060_floats.zig	2023-11-06 19:45:03.609687304 +0100
+--- exercises/060_floats.zig	2025-03-03 20:23:40.255443963 +0400
-+++ answers/060_floats.zig	2023-11-06 19:44:49.249419994 +0100
++++ answers/060_floats.zig	2025-03-03 20:29:58.554854977 +0400
 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
      //
-     // We'll convert this weight from pound to kilograms at a
+     // We'll convert this weight from pounds to metric units at a
      // conversion of 0.453592 kg to the pound.
--    const shuttle_weight: f16 = 0.453592 * 4480e6;
+-    const shuttle_weight: f16 = 0.453592 * 4480e3;
-+    const shuttle_weight: f32 = 0.453592 * 4.480e6;
++    const shuttle_weight: f32 = 0.453592 * 4.480e3;
  
      // By default, float values are formatted in scientific
      // notation. Try experimenting with '{d}' and '{d:.3}' to see

patches/patches/065_builtins2.patch

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---- exercises/065_builtins2.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
+--- exercises/065_builtins2.zig	2025-06-17 13:58:07.857258167 +0200
-+++ answers/065_builtins2.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.136101712 +0200
++++ answers/065_builtins2.zig	2025-06-17 13:56:36.630415938 +0200
 @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
      // Oops! We cannot leave the 'me' and 'myself' fields
      // undefined. Please set them here:
@@ -18,22 +18,22 @@
  
      // Now we print a pithy statement about Narcissus.
      print("A {s} loves all {s}es. ", .{
-@@ -109,15 +109,15 @@
+@@ -113,15 +113,15 @@
      // Please complete these 'if' statements so that the field
      // name will not be printed if the field is of type 'void'
      // (which is a zero-bit type that takes up no space at all!):
 -    if (fields[0].??? != void) {
 +    if (fields[0].type != void) {
-         print(" {s}", .{@typeInfo(Narcissus).Struct.fields[0].name});
+         print(" {s}", .{fields[0].name});
      }
  
 -    if (fields[1].??? != void) {
 +    if (fields[1].type != void) {
-         print(" {s}", .{@typeInfo(Narcissus).Struct.fields[1].name});
+         print(" {s}", .{fields[1].name});
      }
  
 -    if (fields[2].??? != void) {
 +    if (fields[2].type != void) {
-         print(" {s}", .{@typeInfo(Narcissus).Struct.fields[2].name});
+         print(" {s}", .{fields[2].name});
      }
  

patches/patches/071_comptime6.patch

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
---- exercises/071_comptime6.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
+--- exercises/071_comptime6.zig	2024-09-02 19:21:50.250454978 +0200
-+++ answers/071_comptime6.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.162768879 +0200
++++ answers/071_comptime6.zig	2024-09-02 19:21:23.553250563 +0200
 @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
  
-     const fields = @typeInfo(Narcissus).Struct.fields;
+     const fields = @typeInfo(Narcissus).@"struct".fields;
  
 -    ??? {
 +    inline for (fields) |field| {

patches/patches/076_sentinels.patch

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---- exercises/076_sentinels.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
+--- exercises/076_sentinels.zig	2024-09-02 19:27:04.336781039 +0200
-+++ answers/076_sentinels.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.186102649 +0200
++++ answers/076_sentinels.zig	2024-09-02 19:26:15.709134934 +0200
 @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
              print("Array:", .{});
  

patches/patches/082_anonymous_structs3.patch

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
---- exercises/082_anonymous_structs3.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
+--- exercises/082_anonymous_structs3.zig	2025-03-14 16:41:17.892873287 +0200
-+++ answers/082_anonymous_structs3.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.212769813 +0200
++++ answers/082_anonymous_structs3.zig	2025-03-14 16:40:56.043829543 +0200
 @@ -82,14 +82,14 @@
-     //         @typeInfo(Circle).Struct.fields
+     //         @typeInfo(Circle).@"struct".fields
      //
      // This will be an array of StructFields.
 -    const fields = ???;
-+    const fields = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(tuple)).Struct.fields;
++    const fields = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(tuple)).@"struct".fields;
  
      // 2. Loop through each field. This must be done at compile
      // time.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
          // 3. Print the field's name, type, and value.
          //
          //     Each 'field' in this loop is one of these:
-@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@
+@@ -119,9 +119,9 @@
          //
          // The first field should print as: "0"(bool):true
          print("\"{s}\"({any}):{any} ", .{

patches/patches/084_async.patch

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
---- exercises/084_async.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
-+++ answers/084_async.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.219436606 +0200
-@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
- pub fn main() void {
-     // Additional Hint: you can assign things to '_' when you
-     // don't intend to do anything with them.
--    foo();
-+    _ = async foo();
- }
- 
- fn foo() void {

patches/patches/085_async2.patch

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
---- exercises/085_async2.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
-+++ answers/085_async2.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.226103397 +0200
-@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
- 
- pub fn main() void {
-     var foo_frame = async foo();
-+    resume foo_frame;
- }
- 
- fn foo() void {

patches/patches/086_async3.patch

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
---- exercises/086_async3.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
-+++ answers/086_async3.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.229436793 +0200
-@@ -13,7 +13,12 @@
-     const n = 5;
-     var foo_frame = async foo(n);
- 
--    ???
-+    // Silly solution. You can also use a loop.
-+    resume foo_frame;
-+    resume foo_frame;
-+    resume foo_frame;
-+    resume foo_frame;
-+    resume foo_frame;
- 
-     print("\n", .{});
- }

patches/patches/087_async4.patch

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
---- exercises/087_async4.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
-+++ answers/087_async4.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.236103584 +0200
-@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
- 
-     while (global_counter <= 5) {
-         print("{} ", .{global_counter});
--        ???
-+        resume foo_frame;
-     }
- 
-     print("\n", .{});
-@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
- 
- fn foo() void {
-     while (true) {
--        ???
--        ???
-+        global_counter += 1;
-+        suspend {}
-     }
- }

patches/patches/088_async5.patch

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
---- exercises/088_async5.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
-+++ answers/088_async5.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.239436980 +0200
-@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
- pub fn main() void {
-     var myframe = async getPageTitle("http://example.com");
- 
--    var value = ???
-+    var value = await myframe;
- 
-     print("{s}\n", .{value});
- }

patches/patches/089_async6.patch

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
---- exercises/089_async6.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
-+++ answers/089_async6.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.242770376 +0200
-@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@
-     var com_frame = async getPageTitle("http://example.com");
-     var org_frame = async getPageTitle("http://example.org");
- 
--    var com_title = com_frame;
--    var org_title = org_frame;
-+    var com_title = await com_frame;
-+    var org_title = await org_frame;
- 
-     print(".com: {s}, .org: {s}.\n", .{ com_title, org_title });
- }

patches/patches/090_async7.patch

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
---- exercises/090_async7.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
-+++ answers/090_async7.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.249437167 +0200
-@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
-     // The main() function can not be async. But we know
-     // getBeef() will not suspend with this particular
-     // invocation. Please make this okay:
--    var my_beef = getBeef(0);
-+    var my_beef = nosuspend getBeef(0);
- 
-     print("beef? {X}!\n", .{my_beef});
- }

patches/patches/091_async8.patch

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
---- exercises/091_async8.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
-+++ answers/091_async8.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.252770563 +0200
-@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
- 
-     var frame = async suspendable();
- 
--    print("X", .{});
-+    print("D", .{});
- 
-     resume frame;
- 
-@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@
- }
- 
- fn suspendable() void {
--    print("X", .{});
-+    print("B", .{});
- 
-     suspend {
--        print("X", .{});
-+        print("C", .{});
-     }
- 
--    print("X", .{});
-+    print("E", .{});
- }

patches/patches/097_bit_manipulation.patch

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---- exercises/097_bit_manipulation.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
+--- exercises/097_bit_manipulation.zig	2025-05-12 21:25:03.395385743 +0200
-+++ answers/097_bit_manipulation.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.282771124 +0200
++++ answers/097_bit_manipulation.zig	2025-05-12 21:22:57.472986976 +0200
 @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
      y ^= x;
  
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@
 -    ???;
 +    x ^= y;
  
-     print("x = {d}; y = {d}\n", .{ x, y });
+     print("x = {b}; y = {b}\n", .{ x, y });
  }

patches/patches/099_formatting.patch

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---- exercises/099_formatting.zig	2023-10-03 22:15:22.125574535 +0200
+--- exercises/099_formatting.zig	2024-11-07 21:45:10.459123650 +0100
-+++ answers/099_formatting.zig	2023-10-05 20:04:07.292771311 +0200
++++ answers/099_formatting.zig	2024-11-07 21:43:55.154345991 +0100
 @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
          for (0..size) |b| {
              // What formatting is needed here to make our columns

patches/patches/100_for4.patch

@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@
 -    for (hex_nums, ???) |hn, ???| {
 +    for (hex_nums, dec_nums) |hn, dn| {
          if (hn != dn) {
-             std.debug.print("Uh oh! Found a mismatch: {d} vs {d}\n", .{ hn, dn });
+             print("Uh oh! Found a mismatch: {d} vs {d}\n", .{ hn, dn });
              return;

patches/patches/106_files.patch

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
---- exercises/106_files.zig	2024-03-27 16:52:05.660910200 +0800
+--- exercises/106_files.zig	2025-03-13 15:26:59.532367792 +0200
-+++ answers/106_files.zig	2024-03-27 16:52:09.649422200 +0800
++++ answers/106_files.zig	2025-03-14 22:04:52.243435159 +0200
 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
          // by doing nothing
          //
          // we want to catch error.PathAlreadyExists and do nothing
 -        ??? => {},
 +        error.PathAlreadyExists => {},
-         // if is any other unexpected error we just propagate it through
+         // if there's any other unexpected error we just propagate it through
          else => return e,
      };
 @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
-     // wait a minute
+     // wait a minute...
      // opening a directory might fail!
      // what should we do here?
 -    var output_dir: std.fs.Dir = cwd.openDir("output", .{});
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@
      // we try to open the file `zigling.txt`,
 @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
      // but here we are not yet done writing to the file
-     // if only there are a keyword in zig that
+     // if only there were a keyword in Zig that
-     // allow you "defer" code execute to the end of scope...
+     // allowed you to "defer" code execution to the end of the scope...
 -    file.close();
 +    defer file.close();
  
-     // !you are not allow to switch this two lines to before file closing line!
+     // you are not allowed to move these two lines above the file closing line!
      const byte_written = try file.write("It's zigling time!");

patches/patches/107_files2.patch

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
---- exercises/107_files2.zig	2024-03-27 16:51:56.199719600 +0800
+--- exercises/107_files2.zig	2025-03-13 15:26:59.532367792 +0200
-+++ answers/107_files2.zig	2024-03-27 16:52:01.650935300 +0800
++++ answers/107_files2.zig	2025-03-14 22:08:35.167953736 +0200
 @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
-     // initalize an array of u8 with all letter 'A'.
+     // initialize an array of u8 with all letter 'A'
-     // we need to pick a size of the array, 64 seems like a good number.
+     // we need to pick the size of the array, 64 seems like a good number
-     // fix the initalization below
+     // fix the initialization below
 -    var content = ['A']*64;
 +    var content = [_]u8{'A'} ** 64;
      // this should print out : `AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA`
@@ -12,15 +12,15 @@
 @@ -41,12 +41,12 @@
      // can you go here to find a way to read the content?
      // https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/std/#std.fs.File
-     // hint: you might find two answer that are both vaild in this case
+     // hint: you might find two answers that are both valid in this case
--    const byte_read = zig_read_the_file_or_i_will_fight_you(&content);
+-    const bytes_read = zig_read_the_file_or_i_will_fight_you(&content);
-+    const byte_read = try file.read(&content);
++    const bytes_read = try file.read(&content);
  
-     // Woah, too screamy, I know you're excited for zigling time but tone it down a bit
+     // Woah, too screamy. I know you're excited for zigling time but tone it down a bit.
      // Can you print only what we read from the file?
-     std.debug.print("Successfully Read {d} byte: {s}\n", .{
+     std.debug.print("Successfully Read {d} bytes: {s}\n", .{
-         byte_read,
+         bytes_read,
 -        content, // change this line only
-+        content[0..byte_read], // change this line only
++        content[0..bytes_read], // change this line only
      });
  }

patches/patches/108_labeled_switch.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+--- exercises/108_labeled_switch.zig	2024-09-20 12:09:24.370066539 +0200
++++ answers/108_labeled_switch.zig	2024-09-20 12:09:06.499711739 +0200
+@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@
+     // how would you fix it?
+     pr: switch (PullRequestState.Draft) {
+         PullRequestState.Draft => continue :pr PullRequestState.InReview,
+-        PullRequestState.InReview => continue :pr PullRequestState.Rejected,
++        PullRequestState.InReview => continue :pr PullRequestState.Approved,
+         PullRequestState.Approved => continue :pr PullRequestState.Merged,
+         PullRequestState.Rejected => {
+             std.debug.print("The pull request has been rejected.\n", .{});
+             return;
+         },
+-        PullRequestState.Merged => break, // Would you know where to break to?
++        PullRequestState.Merged => break :pr, // Would you know where to break to?
+     }
+     std.debug.print("The pull request has been merged.\n", .{});
+ }

patches/patches/109_vectors.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+--- exercises/109_vectors.zig	2024-11-07 14:57:09.673383618 +0100
++++ answers/109_vectors.zig	2024-11-07 14:22:59.069150138 +0100
+@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@
+ 
+ const Vec4 = @Vector(4, f32);
+ fn calcMaxPairwiseDiffNew(a: Vec4, b: Vec4) f32 {
+-    const abs_diff_vec = ???;
+-    const max_diff = @reduce(???, abs_diff_vec);
++    const abs_diff_vec = @abs(a - b);
++    const max_diff = @reduce(.Max, abs_diff_vec);
+     return max_diff;
+ }
+ 

patches/patches/110_quiz9.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+--- exercises/110_quiz9.zig	2025-02-08 13:19:48.522641785 -0800
++++ answers/110_quiz9.zig	2025-02-10 17:42:04.525004335 -0800
+@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
+     PORTB = 0b1100;
+     print("  {b:0>4} // (initial state of PORTB)\n", .{PORTB});
+     print("^ {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b0101});
+-    PORTB ^= (1 << 1) | (1 << 0); // What's wrong here?
++    PORTB ^= (1 << 2) | (1 << 0);
+     checkAnswer(0b1001, PORTB);
+ 
+     newline();
+@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
+     PORTB = 0b1100;
+     print("  {b:0>4} // (initial state of PORTB)\n", .{PORTB});
+     print("^ {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b0011});
+-    PORTB ^= (1 << 1) & (1 << 0); // What's wrong here?
++    PORTB ^= (1 << 1) | (1 << 0);
+     checkAnswer(0b1111, PORTB);
+ 
+     newline();
+@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
+     PORTB = 0b1001; // reset PORTB
+     print("  {b:0>4} // (initial state of PORTB)\n", .{PORTB});
+     print("| {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b0100});
+-    PORTB = PORTB ??? (1 << 2); // What's missing here?
++    PORTB = PORTB | (1 << 2);
+     checkAnswer(0b1101, PORTB);
+ 
+     newline();
+@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
+     PORTB = 0b1001; // reset PORTB
+     print("  {b:0>4} // (reset state)\n", .{PORTB});
+     print("| {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b0100});
+-    PORTB ??? (1 << 2); // What's missing here?
++    PORTB |= (1 << 2);
+     checkAnswer(0b1101, PORTB);
+ 
+     newline();
+@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
+     PORTB = 0b1110; // reset PORTB
+     print("  {b:0>4} // (initial state of PORTB)\n", .{PORTB});
+     print("& {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b1011});
+-    PORTB = PORTB & ???@as(u4, 1 << 2); // What character is missing here?
++    PORTB = PORTB & ~@as(u4, 1 << 2);
+     checkAnswer(0b1010, PORTB);
+ 
+     newline();
+@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@
+     PORTB = 0b0111; // reset PORTB
+     print("  {b:0>4} // (reset state)\n", .{PORTB});
+     print("& {b:0>4} // (bitmask)\n", .{0b1110});
+-    PORTB &= ~(1 << 0); // What's missing here?
++    PORTB &= ~@as(u4, 1 << 0);
+     checkAnswer(0b0110, PORTB);
+ 
+     newline();

test/tests.zig

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn addCliTests(b: *std.Build, exercises: []const Exercise) *Step {
             case_step.dependOn(&verify.step);
         }
 
-        const cleanup = b.addRemoveDirTree(tmp_path);
+        const cleanup = b.addRemoveDirTree(.{ .src_path = .{ .owner = b, .sub_path = tmp_path } });
         cleanup.step.dependOn(case_step);
 
         step.dependOn(&cleanup.step);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn addCliTests(b: *std.Build, exercises: []const Exercise) *Step {
         const verify = CheckStep.create(b, exercises, stderr);
         verify.step.dependOn(&cmd.step);
 
-        const cleanup = b.addRemoveDirTree(tmp_path);
+        const cleanup = b.addRemoveDirTree(.{ .src_path = .{ .owner = b, .sub_path = tmp_path } });
         cleanup.step.dependOn(&verify.step);
 
         step.dependOn(&cleanup.step);
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ const CheckNamedStep = struct {
         return self;
     }
 
-    fn make(step: *Step, _: *std.Progress.Node) !void {
+    fn make(step: *Step, _: Step.MakeOptions) !void {
         const b = step.owner;
         const self: *CheckNamedStep = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("step", step));
         const ex = self.exercise;
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ const CheckNamedStep = struct {
         );
         defer stderr_file.close();
 
-        const stderr = stderr_file.reader();
+        var stderr = stderr_file.readerStreaming(&.{});
         {
             // Skip the logo.
             const nlines = mem.count(u8, root.logo, "\n");
@@ -169,10 +169,10 @@ const CheckNamedStep = struct {
 
             var lineno: usize = 0;
             while (lineno < nlines) : (lineno += 1) {
-                _ = try readLine(stderr, &buf);
+                _ = try readLine(&stderr, &buf);
             }
         }
-        try check_output(step, ex, stderr);
+        try check_output(step, ex, &stderr);
     }
 };
 
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ const CheckStep = struct {
         return self;
     }
 
-    fn make(step: *Step, _: *std.Progress.Node) !void {
+    fn make(step: *Step, _: Step.MakeOptions) !void {
         const b = step.owner;
         const self: *CheckStep = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("step", step));
         const exercises = self.exercises;
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ const CheckStep = struct {
         );
         defer stderr_file.close();
 
-        const stderr = stderr_file.reader();
+        var stderr = stderr_file.readerStreaming(&.{});
         for (exercises) |ex| {
             if (ex.number() == 1) {
                 // Skip the logo.
@@ -222,15 +222,15 @@ const CheckStep = struct {
 
                 var lineno: usize = 0;
                 while (lineno < nlines) : (lineno += 1) {
-                    _ = try readLine(stderr, &buf);
+                    _ = try readLine(&stderr, &buf);
                 }
             }
-            try check_output(step, ex, stderr);
+            try check_output(step, ex, &stderr);
         }
     }
 };
 
-fn check_output(step: *Step, exercise: Exercise, reader: Reader) !void {
+fn check_output(step: *Step, exercise: Exercise, reader: *Reader) !void {
     const b = step.owner;
 
     var buf: [1024]u8 = undefined;
@@ -297,12 +297,9 @@ fn check(
     }
 }
 
-fn readLine(reader: fs.File.Reader, buf: []u8) !?[]const u8 {
+fn readLine(reader: *fs.File.Reader, buf: []u8) !?[]const u8 {
-    if (try reader.readUntilDelimiterOrEof(buf, '\n')) |line| {
+    try reader.interface.readSliceAll(buf);
-        return mem.trimRight(u8, line, " \r\n");
+    return mem.trimRight(u8, buf, " \r\n");
-    }
-
-    return null;
 }
 
 /// Fails with a custom error message.
@@ -325,7 +322,7 @@ const FailStep = struct {
         return self;
     }
 
-    fn make(step: *Step, _: *std.Progress.Node) !void {
+    fn make(step: *Step, _: Step.MakeOptions) !void {
         const b = step.owner;
         const self: *FailStep = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("step", step));
 
@@ -368,7 +365,7 @@ const HealStep = struct {
         return self;
     }
 
-    fn make(step: *Step, _: *std.Progress.Node) !void {
+    fn make(step: *Step, _: Step.MakeOptions) !void {
         const b = step.owner;
         const self: *HealStep = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("step", step));
 
@@ -405,7 +402,8 @@ fn heal(allocator: Allocator, exercises: []const Exercise, work_path: []const u8
 /// difference that returns an error when the temp path cannot be created.
 pub fn makeTempPath(b: *Build) ![]const u8 {
     const rand_int = std.crypto.random.int(u64);
-    const tmp_dir_sub_path = "tmp" ++ fs.path.sep_str ++ Build.hex64(rand_int);
+    const rand_hex64 = std.fmt.hex(rand_int);
+    const tmp_dir_sub_path = "tmp" ++ fs.path.sep_str ++ rand_hex64;
     const path = b.cache_root.join(b.allocator, &.{tmp_dir_sub_path}) catch
         @panic("OOM");
     try b.cache_root.handle.makePath(tmp_dir_sub_path);